Highlights

• Microbial study in Tibetan ice cores;
• Abrupt climatic changes in the tropical-subtropical region on different timescales from 100 years to 10, 000 years, in different climate conditions from glacial stage to inter-glacial stages.
• Temperature increase in the low-mid latitude in the past 50 years
• Stable oxygen isotope in precipitation and its relationship with atmospheric circulation
• Methane history in the mid-low latitudes recovered from ice core record